For many designers and manufacturers, durability is one of the most essential aspects of fabric quality. If a fabric is strong and long-lasting, it can withstand the intended application without premature wear and tear.
Measuring fabric durability involves simulating natural wear in a controlled environment. Manufacturers of high-quality, durable fabrics conduct extensive testing to ensure customers and end users can rely on their choices to withstand use over time.
Manufacturers want to produce durable textiles to ensure quality, performance and reliability. The end user wants to save time and money by selecting fabrics that last, fulfilling their purpose without unnecessary repairs or replacements.
Less durable fabrics also present potential sustainability issues. If upholstery wears prematurely, it creates a cycle of unnecessary waste, leading to reupholstering and the associated carbon impact of producing more fabric. For businesses, using durable upholstery fabric to create long-lasting items can help them work toward a reputation of eco-friendliness, boosting brand loyalty.
As a result, testing and measuring fabric density is a crucial part of the manufacturing process.
J.G. Martindale developed the Martindale test in the early 1940s while researching the English wool industry. It measures fabric durability according to the number of times discs of wool or sandpaper can move along the fabric before the fabric shows signs of distress. This test, otherwise known as a rub test, is ideal for determining upholstery fabric’s durability.
The testing process requires a Martindale machine. The tester pulls the test fabric taught across a series of plates on the lower side of the machine and places discs of worsted wool or wire mesh on the upper plates. The machine rubs the upper plates against the lower plates in a Lissajous curve. The tester inspects the fabric constantly for signs of wear. If there is a visible change in appearance or two yarns break, the test is complete.
Martindale results are measured in rubs or cycles in increments of 1,000. Fabrics that receive a high number in a Martindale test are more suitable for challenging environments. The test scores are internationally recognized to indicate durability and accurately guide users on suitable applications. The scores below indicate the suitability of upholstery fabric for different uses:
The Wyzenbeek test is another abrasion test commonly used throughout North America. A Wyzenbeek machine is necessary to complete the testing process, which determines the durability of leather, metals and various upholstery fabrics.
In a Wyzenbeek test, the test fabric is secured in the machine, which rubs cotton duck or wire mesh along the surface in straight back-and-forth motions, known as double rubs. The tester performs the test on lengthwise and crosswise yarns — known as warp and weft. Once the fabric fails, the tester awards a Wyzenbeek abrasion rating based on the number of cycles it withstands before it fails. You can often find this rating on the fabric’s tag.
The higher the number of double rubs a fabric endures in a Wyzenbeek test, the better suited it is to heavy applications. Wyzenbeek abrasion ratings include:
The Wyzenbeek and Martindale tests are both abrasion tests, which means you can use them on the same materials. However, they test different properties, and a test in one does not automatically infer success in the other. The Wyzenbeek test focuses on rubbing the warp and weft of the fabric, while the Martindale test uses a figure-eight configuration.
Beyond fabric durability, you’ll want to consider the following factors as you decide on the best fabric options for your project or application.
You can choose from many types of fabric, but the most common include:
Consider the intended use of your chosen fabric and balance it against the cleaning and maintenance requirements. Regular cleaning and professional maintenance can boost longevity, but some fabrics require more care. For example, if you’re looking for fabric for a restaurant, it should be easy to clean in-house and resistant to stains.
Fabrics come in various compositions and blends, some more durable than others. Discuss your requirements with a trusted supplier to find the perfect balance for your application.
What you need the fabric for and where you plan to put it are the most essential considerations for durability and longevity. Sturdy fabric is crucial if you intend to upholster a highly trafficked area. Your requirements will also differ depending on whether your location is indoors or outside.
Choosing the right fabric involves balancing performance, durability and visual appeal. You could find the most durable option and discover that the aesthetic is at odds with your space’s existing decor. For example, vinyl seating is functional and cost-effective but may look out of place in a luxury spa setting. Make sure the option you choose aligns with your design goals.
With over 50 years of experience meeting commercial and consumer needs, Swavelle Group is an undisputed leader in the textile industry. Our quality selection of fabrics ensures you can balance durability and aesthetics, regardless of your applications. When you work with us, you can access a team of experts to help you create unique and functional textiles to delight your customers.
Ready to get started? Contact us today to learn more about selecting a durable, attractive fabric option for your next project.